Reduce meat consumption
Not only is it an inefficient use of our resources (it takes 16 lbs of grain to produce 1 lb of edible beef, iirc), but the nitrous oxide that contributes to destroying our ozone layer is mostly coming from agriculture.
Not only is it an inefficient use of our resources (it takes 16 lbs of grain to produce 1 lb of edible beef, iirc), but the nitrous oxide that contributes to destroying our ozone layer is mostly coming from agriculture.
We should use more public transports to work, home or travel in order to reduce the green house gases emission and fuel consumption. I know it is really hard for the car dependent city - like where I live - Plano, TX, but we should make a start.
Buidlings account for ~ 40% of CO2 emissions & 72% of electrical consumption in the US ! All existing buildings, especially Federal buildings should be benchmarked with EnergyStar and be operated to meet at least a rating of 75. Then the building operators should keep on improving the EnergyStar rating , New buildings should designed to meet an EnergyStar rating of at least 80, with the help of Target Finder. It’s ...more »
Buidlings account for ~ 40% of CO2 emissions & 72% of electrical consumption in the US !
All existing buildings, especially Federal buildings should be benchmarked with EnergyStar and be operated to meet at least a rating of 75. Then the building operators should keep on improving the EnergyStar rating , New buildings should designed to meet an EnergyStar rating of at least 80, with the help of Target Finder.
It’s what you do, NOT what you say, if you’re NOT part of the energy efficient future, get out of the way!
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What if Global Warming and Severe Climate Changes could be reduced and ultimately eliminated? What if soil erosion could be reversed and unusable agricultural land could be reclaimed? What if crop production could be increased 20% and germination of seeds accelerated. What if landfills were no longer needed for any organic waste? What if by increasing soil carbon we could emit 336 TRILLION fewer kg of carbon in the form ...more »
What if Global Warming and Severe Climate Changes could be reduced and ultimately eliminated?
What if soil erosion could be reversed and unusable agricultural land could be reclaimed? What if crop production could be increased 20% and germination of seeds accelerated. What if landfills were no longer needed for any organic waste? What if by increasing soil carbon we could emit 336 TRILLION fewer kg of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide into the air worldwide. What if 2400 wastewater treatment plant operators in the U.S. converted all their biosolids into rich organic fertilizer that could be used anywhere without restrictions, utilizing "vermistabilization" instead of multimillion dollar processing that uses energy and chemicals to produce a product that is landfilled, incinerated, or applied to land with strict regulations? What if all this was possible and already proven and used in other countries but not the U.S.?
What if the lowly redworm was the solution to all of the above? Charles Darwin, Dr. Roy Hartenstein, and Dr. Clive Edwards would all agree that vermibiotechnology is the easiest, most effective, and least costly solution to the above issues. I want to establish funding and grant opportunities to perform research which confirms that utilizing redworms to destroy pathogens in municipal biosolids and thus meet E.P.A. Class A Part 503 Processes to further reduce pathogens as an alternative methodology for pathogen reduction. My company name is W.O.R.M.S. (Worms Operating to Reduce Municipal Sludge) and I want to revive research begun initially in 1978 by Dr. Roy Hartenstein and carried on by Dr. Clive Edwards in 1997. It's time that the U.S. join the rest of the world in using vermitechnology to dispose of wastes in an environmentally safe, cost effective manner.
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Hello My name is Dean Carroll.I am a normal workimg 24 year old living in Australia. I care for the environment and worry about global warming.I believe people especially young people are not educated enough on these major issues facing humanity.I recently watched two very good documentaries called Surviving Progress and the 11th Hour.These programs are show on TV but not enough.Al Gore also has a good documentary ...more »
Hello
My name is Dean Carroll.I am a normal workimg 24 year old living in Australia.
I care for the environment and worry about global warming.I believe people especially young people are not educated enough on these major issues facing humanity.I recently watched two very good documentaries called Surviving Progress and the 11th Hour.These programs are show on TV but not enough.Al Gore also has a good documentary called An Inconveniant Truth.These three documentaries and others like them should be subsidised by government so the can be aired on national TV stations more often so most people can watch them and get people talking about this very real issue.
Also a big step to changing attitude is to show these types of documentaries to the youth of society while they are in high school classes.It will promote recycling, encourage the reusing of items and objects.Hopefully curb and discourage the greedy capitalist and wasteful societies that we have become.This school program scheme is a very good way of raising awareness amongst the young masses.
Another simple advert or program that could be shown on TV or in schools is about turning off the tap as one brushes ones teeth,simply topic but one that wastes millions of water each year.
Thank you for your time and I hope as an influential department you can try put these schemes or similar into motion.
Dean Carroll
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Because deforestation has greately contributed to atmospheric warming, humanity needs to insist that everyone involved in timber removal is properly taxed, to insure that reforestation and revegetation efforts are taking place. Also, all solar projects need to receive the best tax incentives and funding possible, because converting solar energy into electricity helps to cool the planet by reducing the solar thermal contribution ...more »
Because deforestation has greately contributed to atmospheric warming, humanity needs to insist that everyone involved in timber removal is properly taxed, to insure that reforestation and revegetation efforts are taking place. Also, all solar projects need to receive the best tax incentives and funding possible, because converting solar energy into electricity helps to cool the planet by reducing the solar thermal contribution to the degree of the surface area of the panels. And the greater the supply of available electricity, the cheaper it will become. Helping to reduce the overhead of our small businesses and workforce. Making them more competative.
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These take forever to degrade - like almost never. What if we had enclosed areas on the ocean where they are floating on the water - in a net so that ocean life and birds can't eat them, but they reflect back the heat that the ocean normally absorbs. We could put these on land as well. As long as they are contained by a net, they will help reduce climate change. Even a little helps when everyone's ideas are adopted.
If I read right “Future of Enhanced Geothermal Systems” MIT School of Engineering did for federal government 2007 (http://geothermal.inel.gov), CO2 is better than H2O as hydraulic/heat-transfer fluid for Enhanced Geothermal Systems. Also, 70 years output from 500 MW coal-fired plant would fill 1 of 15 hot-rock reservoirs needed to replace 100MW coal-fired plant sustainably, assuming 100MW EGS would need 0.5km3 pore space ...more »
If I read right “Future of Enhanced Geothermal Systems” MIT School of Engineering did for federal government 2007 (http://geothermal.inel.gov), CO2 is better than H2O as hydraulic/heat-transfer fluid for Enhanced Geothermal Systems. Also, 70 years output from 500 MW coal-fired plant would fill 1 of 15 hot-rock reservoirs needed to replace 100MW coal-fired plant sustainably, assuming 100MW EGS would need 0.5km3 pore space approx. 0.1 of 5 km3 total volume of hot rock reservoir. Thus 500MW/100MW x 70 years x 15 reservoirs = 5250 CO2 output could be used in Enhanced Geothermal System to replace 100MW coal-fired electric generating capacity, which is over 26 times as much as CO2 produced over remaining 200 years of coal reserves for 100MW plant’s share of coal. Chapter 9 discusses economics with section 10 describing a sample EGS well field with 1 injector well and 3 producer wells for each stack of 3 reservoirs and a total of 30-40 wells implying 10 stacks each producing 5 MW for a total of 50 MW for field with need to tap a new reservoir in each stack every 6 years over a 90 year cycle. We also ought to replace petroleum and natural gas with sustainable energy before we run out. We will need as electricity about 2/3 of the same total energy as now. Even allowing for sequestering CO2 from other fossil fuels and even if we are able to use artificial trees that look like naked billboards to pull enough CO2 from air to reduce present almost 400 ppm to 300 ppm of CO2 normal for warm spells between ice ages, EGSs can still make good use of more CO2 than will be available. Thus, there is a technological fix for global warming if we will use it.
They estimate a cost of about $1 billion (2004 prices) for the R&D involved in developing the technology over five years and losing close to $1 billion over another five years getting from pilot project to competitive assuming a price on CO2 emissions of $35/ton (2004 prices) to make fossil fuel more expensive and thus sustainable energy more competitive. Considering how expensive failing to mitigate global warming and thus having to rely entirely on adaptation is likely to be, Enhanced Geothermal Systems are likely to be more valuable as a way to sequester CO2 from burning fossil fuel than as competition to coal in producing base load electric power. It might help to have the administration and the 100 largest firms incorporated in the United States exchange itemized lists of cost of present non-tariff regulatory burden on pollution including greenhouse gases, of a system of user fees and rebates to control pollution, and of business as usual. Property and casualty insurance firms already fear global warming and might be willing to chip in something towards mitigating it, even if only by investing part of their reserves in federal government bonds dedicated to controlling greenhouse gases. Large commercial farms are likely to be hurt by heat waves and drought brought by global warming and should chip in towards its mitigation as part of insurance against crop failure they already buy. Fossil fuel firms should pay for much of it because it is largely their mess to be cleaned up. Coal mine owners should pay for Enhanced Geothermal Systems as eventual replacement for coal. If everyone agrees on user fees to cover the cost of pollution with rebates for money spent on controlling pollution and/or developing replacements for products causing pollution and/or federal green bonds to help finance the needed investments, Exxon Mobil could get rebates for R&D on bio-diesel from algae, Peabody Energy Systems could pay its user fees towards Enhanced Geothermal Systems what the coal they replace is worth, natural gas firms could invest in either solar power to replace gas or methane from organic wastes. Maybe it would be possible to manage with contracts between the federal government and the various firms involved with the threat of the Commerce Department giving a hard time to any outsider trying to butt in without paying the pollution user fees.
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From building codes to greenhouse gas emissions standards, elected officials can make a huge difference in how much carbon is in the atmosphere. Get out and vote for candidates who make green a priority. Every vote counts.
Carbon particulates up to three microns can be removed from flue gases. The process is to pass the polluted air through a duct where a solvent is sprayed across the flowing gas to lower than the saturation temperature at the pressure of the flue gas. Water can be used for most pollutans. Reactive fluids may be used to spray insoluble gases to precipitate the pollutants in the air. The suspended pollutants are dissoved ...more »
Carbon particulates up to three microns can be removed from flue gases. The process is to pass the polluted air through a duct where a solvent is sprayed across the flowing gas to lower than the saturation temperature at the pressure of the flue gas. Water can be used for most pollutans. Reactive fluids may be used to spray insoluble gases to precipitate the pollutants in the air. The suspended pollutants are dissoved into the spray as it is kept fluid at temperature lower than saturation. .
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Right now - most trashcan sized liners and leaf bags are black. They should be white so they reflect the sun's heat back off the planet. I'm thinking of hundreds of thousands of these bags at the dumpsites - all black and all absorbing heat into the earth because black absorbs more heat. If they were all white, they would contribute a little to the reduction of global warming.
In our effort to address aquatic warming, humanity needs to tax, restrict, reduce, and redirect as much of the current source of aquatic thermal contamination. To help stop and reverse the effects of our human related aquatic thermal accumulation. Our thermal contribution has accumulated, because teh oceans have a predominant downwards direction of conduction. We need to seriously address this problem, just as aggressively ...more »
In our effort to address aquatic warming, humanity needs to tax, restrict, reduce, and redirect as much of the current source of aquatic thermal contamination. To help stop and reverse the effects of our human related aquatic thermal accumulation. Our thermal contribution has accumulated, because teh oceans have a predominant downwards direction of conduction. We need to seriously address this problem, just as aggressively as we're addressing the atmospheric CO2's.
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I was recently stuck in a traffic jam heading into the Lincoln Tunnel, travelling eastbound from NJ to NYC. When I was stopped for more than a minute or two, I shut off my engine. When the traffic started to move again, I discovered that I did not have to turn my engine back on because the incline of the road, in the last mile leading to the tunnel, is steep enough so that when I simply let off my brakes, my car began ...more »
I was recently stuck in a traffic jam heading into the Lincoln Tunnel, travelling eastbound from NJ to NYC. When I was stopped for more than a minute or two, I shut off my engine. When the traffic started to move again, I discovered that I did not have to turn my engine back on because the incline of the road, in the last mile leading to the tunnel, is steep enough so that when I simply let off my brakes, my car began to move on its own. And, from a full stop, it accelerated quickly enough (and traffic was moving slowly enough) that I was able to keep up with the car in front of me (and even the notoriously impatient NYC-area drivers behind me did not honk at me). I continued this way, through stop-and-go traffic, for about 30 minutes, until I arrived at the toll gate. So, instead of moving slowly with my engine on, unnecessarily burning gasoline for half an hour, I was able to glide down the incline with my engine off.
It occurred to me that a significant amount of gasoline could be saved every day if, during rush hour, a lane were dedicated to drivers using this method. A quick search on the internet tells me that 120,000 cars use the Lincoln Tunnel every day. I suspect that the majority of these approach the tunnel during rush hour. If, for example, 10,000 drivers were to voluntarily use this designated lane and “glide” the last mile to the entrance with their engines off, this would save 1,200 gallons of gas. (This assumes a 30 minute delay, with the average car using one-eighth of a gallon of gas when idling for 30 minutes. I do not have real figures on the average delay at the tunnel but I often hear of delays of this length, or more, on the morning traffic report).
I also do not have any figures on the regularity of the time-of-day when these traffic jams occur. But whether they usually occur between 7 AM and 8 AM, for example, or if they occur more randomly or at other times, a sensor could be used to determine the speed of traffic. If the average speed is, for example, under five miles per hour, the sensor could light a sign above the start of the designated lane that would indicate that it is reserved for drivers using this gas-saving measure. (During other times, the lane would be available to all drivers).
There are two or three drawbacks with this concept but I believe they could be overcome. First, a car loses its power brakes when the engine is off. I had to exert a significant amount of force on the brake pedal to stop. But I was able to stop safely since I was moving so slowly, which would usually be the case when the traffic sensor activates the program. (In the event that traffic were to suddenly ease up after cars had entered this lane with the program in active mode, a speed limit of 10 mph could be in place to mitigate the braking issue. At a steady 10 mph, one would arrive at the entrance in no more than five minutes).
Also, a car loses its power steering when the engine is off. But this has a negligible effect at slow speeds. And there are gradual turns only when leading up to the tunnel entrance.
Finally, cars lose other electrical features when the engine is off, such as air conditioning and heating. So this may not be feasible in really hot or cold weather.
Even if this concept were to entail some inconvenience for drivers and even if it could not be used in inclement weather, I believe that a savings of several hundred gallons of gasoline (or more) a day, along with the resulting savings in pollution and greenhouse gases, would make it well worth the small sacrifices.
If you’ve read this far and you don’t think this is a crackpot idea, I have an extension of the concept: This could be used at other locations where drivers have to wait for significant amounts of time (if the entrance or exit is on a steep enough incline), such as drive-thru windows or parking lots. Further, perhaps future bridges, tunnels, parking lots, etc., could be engineered with such an incline at the entrance or exit, so that this concept could be put in place. Basically, this concept takes advantage of the cleanest and most readily-available energy resource on the planet: gravity.
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Create a game (for all ages) where you compete to use as few resources as possible, and enlist some popular recognizable faces to help promote it. A few opportunities for a younger person to experience actively reducing resource use will get them thinking and creating on their own. At our house, we play "living at sea on a sailboat", so we think of how much water and electricity we use, and how to make healthy dried food ...more »
Create a game (for all ages) where you compete to use as few resources as possible, and enlist some popular recognizable faces to help promote it. A few opportunities for a younger person to experience actively reducing resource use will get them thinking and creating on their own. At our house, we play "living at sea on a sailboat", so we think of how much water and electricity we use, and how to make healthy dried food meals, primarily vegan. There are many variants on this, play for a few hours to a day.
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Most neglected but of great potential are kenetic energies in rivers/stsreams, sea waves, and wind. Torque is amplified by multiple propellers in a common shaft to power gear pumps. Several gear pumps can be connected in series to increase water pressure to that required by a low head electrric generator. Several headers from sets of gear pumps can be accumulated into an accumulator with a relief valve. The system can ...more »
Most neglected but of great potential are kenetic energies in rivers/stsreams, sea waves, and wind. Torque is amplified by multiple propellers in a common shaft to power gear pumps. Several gear pumps can be connected in series to increase water pressure to that required by a low head electrric generator. Several headers from sets of gear pumps can be accumulated into an accumulator with a relief valve. The system can deliver a steady supply to an electric generator sized to util;ize available power of the stream section in a locality. Electricity can be stored in baterries for small communities. Wind power can accumulate gust energies by hydraulic feeder into its vertical vanes. The hydraulic fluid is feed by centrifugal force inducing flow from a reservoir through a syphon pipe.
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Hello My name is Dean Carroll.I am a normal workimg 24 year old living in Australia. I care for the environment and worry about global warming.I believe people especially young people are not educated enough on these major issues facing humanity.I recently watched two very good documentaries called Surviving Progress and the 11th Hour.These programs are show on TV but not enough.Al Gore also has a good documentary ...more »
Hello
My name is Dean Carroll.I am a normal workimg 24 year old living in Australia.
I care for the environment and worry about global warming.I believe people especially young people are not educated enough on these major issues facing humanity.I recently watched two very good documentaries called Surviving Progress and the 11th Hour.These programs are show on TV but not enough.Al Gore also has a good documentary called An Inconveniant Truth.These three documentaries and others like them should be subsidised by government so the can be aired on national TV stations more often so most people can watch them and get people talking about this very real issue.
Also a big step to changing attitude is to show these types of documentaries to the youth of society while they are in high school classes.It will promote recycling, encourage the reusing of items and objects.Hopefully curb and discourage the greedy capitalist and wasteful societies that we have become.This school program scheme is a very good way of raising awareness amongst the young masses.
Another simple advert or program that could be shown on TV or in schools is about turning off the tap as one brushes ones teeth,simply topic but one that wastes millions of water each year.
Thank you for your time and I hope as an influential department you can try put these schemes or similar into motion.
Dean Carroll
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Mitigation of Global Warming at this late date will be HUGELY expensive and need a three-prong approach:1 buy sustainable energy equipment and barter it with foo big to fail fossil fuel firms for fossil fuel reserves to be held underground for posterity, 2 Buy fossil fuel reserves, 3 carbon capture and storage
Humanity can aggressively address aquatic warming, simply by imposing much stricter regulations against continued aquatic thermal contamination. Taxes and tax incentives can be imposed. All weapons testing and other unnecessary thermal sources should be banned around the globe. All sea going vessels, nuclear reactors, city sewers, factories, industry, agriculture etc…on the open waters and along the shoreline should have ...more »
Humanity can aggressively address aquatic warming, simply by imposing much stricter regulations against continued aquatic thermal contamination. Taxes and tax incentives can be imposed. All weapons testing and other unnecessary thermal sources should be banned around the globe. All sea going vessels, nuclear reactors, city sewers, factories, industry, agriculture etc…on the open waters and along the shoreline should have their BTU contributions estimated and evaluated, as to their ability to reduce their various contributions. Other methods would then naturally have to be imposed to create compensation for that contribution that cannot be quickly removed. This would have to include the harvesting and or venting of natural thermal sources, such as; thermal vents, and stable volcanic fishers. This effort would also have to be supplemented with ocean based solar structures in regions, where the electricity can be utilized, and where the seas are always calm. The solar structures would absorb and convert the suns solar contribution, while shading the surface of the water creating cold-spotting, which would also promote the venting of the hotter surrounding surface waters. Elevated desert based solar farms would also greatly compliment this effort, by doing the same thing, except the shading under the structures could be used to grow crops, if water is available. This would create a reduced solar contribution in these locations. The larger the systems the more cooling we’ll get.
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To help compensate for humanities massive aquatic thermal contribution that has accumulated. We should seriously consider a tax for every substantial identifiable aquatic thermal contributor, to fund the effort of either harvesting or venting off many of the natural sources of aquatic thermal contribution. Such as thermal vents and stabilized volcanic fishers. To help compensate for our human contribution. This can be ...more »
To help compensate for humanities massive aquatic thermal contribution that has accumulated. We should seriously consider a tax for every substantial identifiable aquatic thermal contributor, to fund the effort of either harvesting or venting off many of the natural sources of aquatic thermal contribution. Such as thermal vents and stabilized volcanic fishers. To help compensate for our human contribution. This can be done in a cost effective manner, simply by utilizing a large diameter anchored chimney style structure, placed above the thermal source. This would contain the thermal energy, allowing it to rise to the surface to be either vented on the surface, or to be harvested for human consumption, or power generation.
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If elevated solar structures were placed in the deserts, then crops might be growable in the shade created by the structures, which could also hold the watering system. On a large scale this would create a cooling affect by converting the solar energy into electricity and by having the vegetation obsorb much of the remaining filtered light energy. This would be a very cost effective measure of compensation, for it's size. ...more »
If elevated solar structures were placed in the deserts, then crops might be growable in the shade created by the structures, which could also hold the watering system. On a large scale this would create a cooling affect by converting the solar energy into electricity and by having the vegetation obsorb much of the remaining filtered light energy. This would be a very cost effective measure of compensation, for it's size. We need thousands of square miles to become involved around the globe. With other types of systems to be build in stretegic locations on the oceans.
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Humanity needs to realize that CO2's are not the only massive environmetal contribution that has accumulated. Our just as massive aquatic thermal contribution has also accumulated and spread worldwide. Triggering the rapid rate of decline in the planetary ice and greatly contributing to climate change. This is why the ice is declining over ten times faster than their CO2 related predictions. The oceans have a predominant ...more »
Humanity needs to realize that CO2's are not the only massive environmetal contribution that has accumulated. Our just as massive aquatic thermal contribution has also accumulated and spread worldwide. Triggering the rapid rate of decline in the planetary ice and greatly contributing to climate change. This is why the ice is declining over ten times faster than their CO2 related predictions. The oceans have a predominant inwards direction of conduction, which causes the waters to hold onto thermal energy. Humanities massive contribution in addion to that already being provided by the sun and hotter planet surface has thrown off the fragile aquatic thermal balance of nature. It is feared that the extraction of oil from under the waters might also be contributing to this growing condition, by increasing the normal rate in which thermal energy is being transferred into the colder waters.
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THE MECHANICS OF EARTH’S CLIMATE ENVIRONS “The more you understand it, the more you realize you don’t have to answer the question of whether or not something is conscious in order to define consciousness”. But, he said, it’s important not to come up with a definition before we’ve understood all the elements that need to be encompassed in that definition, least we suffer what he calls “the heartbreak of premature definition,” ...more »
THE MECHANICS OF EARTH’S CLIMATE ENVIRONS
“The more you understand it, the more you realize you don’t have to answer the question of whether or not something is conscious in order to define consciousness”. But, he said, it’s important not to come up with a definition before we’ve understood all the elements that need to be encompassed in that definition, least we suffer what he calls “the heartbreak of premature definition,” an intellectual dysfunction he believes many of today’s consciousness scholars suffer from.
“WEATHER, n. The climate of an hour. A permanent topic of conversation among persons whom it does not interest, but who have inherited the tendency to chatter about it from naked arboreal ancestors whom it keenly concerned. The setting up of official weather bureaus and their maintenance in mendacity prove that even governments are accessible to suasion by the rude forefathers of the jungle” — Ambrose Bierce
Global climate(s) science continues to be held hostage by a debate between the scientific and special interest communities. Attempts by special interests groups have driven scientists to simplify an extremely complicated global weather system. To date, no entity has produced a simulation model that has been calibrated with any definitive precision to the degree of simulating an accurate projection, other than statistically based forecasts, for any single local point on Earth. Current forecasting has produced an attitude amongst non-scientists leadership causing the climatic debate to move away from credible scientific study to a “culture” that has changed the non-scientific answer to: “do you believe or not believe that “global warming” is happening?” Without any qualitative assessments!
Universities appear to teach science that fits the world that we have created, which is not the Natural world. In fact the “environmental movement” has shaped academia’s curriculum in the natural sciences. Very few institutions, if any, teach science from the view point of “why” or “how”. Few teach the analysis of ALL data that’s possible to observe to arrive at a conclusion. The very opposite appears to be true. “We know the answer so let’s design our observations to collect data to verify our fore gone conclusions. Emphasis is placed upon the effect and not the cause. The following are some examples.
DUST: There is always a thin layer of dust circling the Earth in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. Beautifully colored sunsets are clues, especially after a volcanic eruption. Thousands of tons of dust are blown off Earth’s deserts each year. Dust is one of the regulators of Earth’s temperatures. Water vapors, which cannot occur in the atmosphere without dust particles, are the main players in climate control. In fact every drop of precipitation, rain, snow or ice, must have a speck of dust around which to form. Water vapor that forms clouds must have particles to form. Without dust the humidity below 300% will not condense. Above 300% humidity water will condense on objects including humans.
Let’s look at the record storms of 2011 that occurred in the south and Midwest of the USA. The thousands of wild fires burning in the southwestern part of the USA produced many tons of dust into the atmosphere. This dust contributed to the volatility of these storms. No weather model was used in forecasting nor did the meteorologists presenting these forecasts mention, in their interpretations of conditions the possible quantitative impact, that dust, as an input, from these wild fires had any effect upon what was happening weather wise.
Without dust from the Sahara Desert, the Atlantic hurricane season would not exist. The Caribbean Islands would consist of grey rock without dust from the Sahara, which produced the Islands’ layers of top soil.
Dust may turn out to be the most important thermal climate regulator of all the culprits that science has assigned that roll.
Everything on Earth, alive or not, is in a constant state of entropy, thus turning into dust. The millions of tons released into the atmosphere each year have an enormous effect upon Earth climates, from precipitation to becoming filament to absorb and retain calories/heat.
Carbon dioxide: This gas is heavier than the air column therefore will not rise to the upper atmosphere period. A side bar: A half bottle of champagne is best stored in a refrigerator with the cork out. Research has proven that the carbon dioxide will not escape from the open bottle!
Misperception: Plastic bottles last longer in certified sanitary landfills than paper milk cartons: Everything in a properly designed land fill that was not once alive deteriorates at about the same rate over time. The chemical makeup of plastic may break down before paper. Landfills have not been around long enough to determine their preservation lineage. Methane from decomposing once-alive compounds is the only thing that escapes a properly designed landfill.
Man’s activities affect global climate? Read on!
Paying attention to the climatic details by defining/creating a model simulation that can depict the interrelationships of all of Earth’s regional climates has been lost in the debate. This lack of scientific “state-of-the-art” exercise to calibrate any model with ground truth data has caused non-technical folk to dominate the discussions. The continued gathering and analysis of meteorological knowledge seem to be futile exercises. Neither climatic knowledge nor its precise manipulation that is “cause and effect” driven gets added to a one-sided debate.
In an effort to present a definitive global system that is “cause and effect” driven, utilizing the known climatic components will begin to make some sense in the continuing debate. The reasons as to why global ice advancement is more likely to occur than any significant long term global warm up are also presented. Included is the scientific rationale as to why Antarctica is Earth’s thermostat.
Anyone can observe the vapors from dry ice (CO₂), at room temperature, as they fill up a container and fall over the edge like a water fall. Since CO₂ (390 ppm ) resides in the upper atmosphere, many researchers have searched for the mechanism which could lift CO₂, a gas heavier than the atmospheric gases, to the upper reaches of the atmosphere. One solution comes from the observation of data collected from the “Deep Impact” spacecraft as it flew within 435 miles of Comet Hartley 2 on November 4, 2010. Observations from this close encounter showed chunks of water ice being expelled from the comet in jets of CO₂. This is the first time CO₂ jets have been observed coming from a comet. Why the NASA environmental scientists have not recognized this source of CO₂ for the upper atmosphere baffles me.
My theory is that most of the breathable oxygen and all of Earth’s carbon came from “snowball” comet in the form of CO₂. Because the molecule CO₂ is heavier than the atmosphere gases (atomic weight 0f 44 vs 34) the CO₂ slowly sank toward the surface. The flora on Earth processed the CO₂ retaining the carbon and releasing the O₂.
From about 200 million years ago (Triassic geologic period) until about 65 millions years ( end of the Jurassic period) the Earth must have been bombarded with “snow ball” comets which fed CO₂ to the flora that produced huge amounts of O₂ which made the fauna (critters) robust. Nature using this process produced all the fossil fuels that we enjoy today.
After 65 million years the comet bombardment moderated thus cutting off the fuel supply for the flora, which could not produce enough O₂ to support critters as large as the dinosaurs.
In retrospect the “snow ball” comet brought water, CO₂ and microbes to an early Earth and this process continues today.
Research shows that the breakup of another “snowball ” comet, Comet LINEAR , was likely made up of water with the same isotopic composition as water found here on Earth. The finding supports a controversial idea that comet impacts billions of years ago could have provided most of the water in Earth's oceans. “The smaller comets from Jupiter's region impacted Earth relatively gently, shattering high in the atmosphere and delivering most of their organic molecules intact” .
There are two (2) questions plus more to follow that need to be defined before we assess how the CO₂ got to the upper atmosphere: (1) what part of the infamous “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide” graph depicting the measurement at Mauna Loa, HI, is caused from entropy resulting from activities on Earth and/or comets? And, (2) could not the heavier than air CO₂ been deposited by a comet and settled through the atmosphere to the lower reaches? (The latter being the most likely scenario.)
While flying for the military, I have, on occasion, observed a clear path with unlimited visibility created from the precipitation from a thunder storm as it passed through a hazy air layer in the lower atmosphere that had a visibility of less than one mile. Precipitation appears to be the cleansing agent for the lower air column. Thus, any gas produced on Earth that has a density higher than the atmosphere will not go beyond the influence of the hydrologic cycle which produces all of Earth’s precipitation.
What would happen if Earth’s surface temperature continues to rise a few degrees in the next couple centuries? What would be the effect upon its inhabitants? When would the Antarctica thermostat stop this rise in temperature?
Earth’s climate is an aggregate of regional climates working as a global system driven by orographics , plate tectonics, thermodynamics, astrophysics and kinetics. This is to say mountains, moving continents, deserts, plains, hot or cold liquid (air and water) interfaces, Sun, and moon, all provide a force that results in the coordinated movement en masse.
The oceans are the “heat sinks” that keep the global temperatures moderate. Ocean currents, called conveyors or streams, carry the equatorial heat to the Polar Regions. The conveyors are guided by the continents and the Earth’s rotation. If a conveyor is stopped, the applicable tropics will heat up and the cold latitudes will become colder. If a conveyor speeds up the heat distribution will lessen, thus temperatures, over time, will also fall in the Polar Regions.
Air is less dense therefore has minimal effect upon Earth’s temperatures as compared to an equal volume of water. For example, you can spend more than 20 minutes inside a dry sauna at temperatures of 65°C (190° F), but you can’t hold your hand under a faucet of hot water at 36°C (110°F) for more than a few seconds.
The globe is covered with distinct weather systems that overlap, interact and thus cover the entire globe. The Gulf Stream is one example of a weather system that affects a regional climate.
The regional climates consist of a series of distinct local climates. An example of a local climate is the Los Angeles Basin. This “bowl”, created by the mountains, under certain weather conditions, can cause smog to form because of exhaust from a high concentration of automobiles. One weather system moving through an area can refresh/scrub the local climate.
Before several continuous scenarios of assumed rising temperatures can be played out, the major components such as ice, water, solar, celestial, internal radiation, state-of-the-art modeling, ocean conveyors, continent locations, etc., should be collectively described as they relate to Earth’s climates. At best with today’s technology, we can vaguely comprehend the sophistication of how an infinite number of micro climates could result, via the “butterfly effect”, into multiple environments over time.
Before we can comprehend what ingredients constitute a global “climate”, we must have an awareness of the magnitude, diversity and difficulty that this understanding may pose. We know that knowledge of a local climate cannot readily be extrapolated to a global one without the analysis of a millennium of data. To enter this data in today’s modeling would be nearly impossible because of the modeling techniques. If it were done, the results would simply be unreliable! One example is the aggregate composition of models used to create a ‘statistical fan’ to describe the future track of a hurricane’s path. Thousands of ‘real time’ data observations don’t change the forecast from being parts scientific and experience.
Short sightedness that ignores the magnitude of a global translation that requires extrapolation of local visual evidence (i.e.-retreating glaciers) as a global condition is like picking a single cell from your body to evaluate your body’s health! We bias the results by “knowing” the answer before we collect and analyze the data to arrive at a conclusion.
Earth and the moon rotate around each other, as if tied together with a string, as they travel around the Sun in an orbit that has never been fixed. Earth is a gyroscopic sphere flying through space at more than 69,361 miles per hour. It tilts, wobbles, precesses and is affected by everybody in the Solar System and beyond. Since Earth was formed some 4.66 billion years ago, it has never experienced any moment like any other! For example, after the winter solstice “the position of the perihelion (nearest the Sun) shifts steadily and makes a complete circuit of orbit in 21,310 years. The actual amount of the tilt changes very slightly, growing a tiny bit more, then a tiny bit less, and in slow oscillation. All of these changes have a small effect upon Earth’s average temperature, not great, but enough at certain times to pull the trigger for either the advance of glaciers or their retreat. ”
900 million years ago Earth’s day was 18 hours long and a year was 481 days duration. The effect of the moon has caused the changes that are today’s conditions. Future days will become longer and the years will become shorter. Future building of wind generators will exacerbate the slowing of Earth’s rotation since this is the energy used by the generators to produce electricity.
Earth’s surface is a water domain. Water covers about 71% of the surface yet it constitutes only about 1/4200th of Earth’s total mass. Oceans hold about 97.2% of Earth’s water and are the source for fresh water to the tune of 80,000 cubic miles evaporated each year that fall in the form of rain or snow. Stored underground are some 200,000 cubic miles of water, mostly fresh, with an additional 30,000 cubic miles stored in lakes and rivers.
Water, in a solid state, covers about 10% of the Earth’s surface which is roughly the size of the North American continent. The Antarctic ice sheet contains about 91% of the total ice on Earth. Greenland has about 8% of Earth’s ice while the mountain glaciers and Arctic cap account for less than 1% of the total.
The following scenarios are based upon an assumption of continued rise in Earth’s temperatures to the point where cooling will obviously begin in most regions.
Arctic’s ice cap floats. Its position at any given moment is at the whim of the ocean conveyors, continental boundaries and prevailing winds. The melting of the Arctic ice will be from calories given up by the ocean and not the atmosphere. Since this ice total is less than one per cent of Earth’s ice the effects, if melted, are local only. The ebb and flow of these ice packs are a result of a regional climate, not global.
If ALL the ice from the Arctic and glaciers melted at the end of the summer the effect upon sea level would be negligible, nearly impossible to ascertain since the oceans of the world are subservient to wind fetches and tidal gyrations from a few feet to many tens of feet. However, there is evidence that this fresh water melt, augmented by the Greenland melt, did overlay the cold Arctic salt waters to the point that it shut down the Gulf Stream (GS) for 10 days in 2004. This indicates that this regional climate is very fragile from a thermal observation.
No scientist knows what caused the GS to stop flowing in 2004. According to the Scientists at Woods Hole, the stoppage event was described as “the most abrupt change in the whole (climate) record”.
What would happen if “a significant amount of Greenland’s ice cap melted”?
The latest climate models predict that the GS will slow down as global warming increases. However, measurements by NASA of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation show no significant slowing over the last 15 years; in fact the data suggest the circulation may have sped up by as much as 20% in the recent past.
The GS is the conveyor that keeps England and northern Europe from having a regional climate similar to the climate in Canada above the 45th latitude. Warm surface water flows from the tropics northward into the North Atlantic as one of the currents that make up the Atlantic overturning circulation system. Within the oceans surrounding Greenland the GS cools and sinks to great depths as it changes direction. What was once warm surface water heading north becomes cold deep water heading generally south.
The GS starts from the Equatorial Current from the African coast, moving east to west under the influence of the trade winds in the tropical North Atlantic. The South American continent deflects the current northward causing it to meander among the Caribbean Islands. The Equatorial Current circles the Gulf of Mexico in a clockwise fashion, exiting through the straits between Florida and Cuba. Then the Stream joins the Antilles Current, officially forming the GS.
The GS is about 90 kilometers wide and flows at two meters per second at about 60 degrees latitude. The GS flows at about 80 million cubic meters per second, which exceeds the volume of ALL rivers in the world. The volume of the GS is 3500 times larger than the Mississippi River’s discharge into the Gulf of Mexico.
The large volume of warm water moved by the GS toward the colder North East Atlantic reaches near Latitude 40-42 degrees north before it’s deflected southward. The GS loses heat energy by melting the ice floes, as well as calories loss as the cold fresh water, from the glaciers, all of which overlay the GS cooling it to a density of the surrounding salt water. The result is the GS loses its identity and becomes part of the North Atlantic Ocean.
If melt from the Greenland ice pack increases, there will be an increase of fresh cold water with a density of 1.000 overlaying the ocean of cold saltwater with a density of 1.030. The boundary integrity of any two liquids of different densities is very rigid.
Greenland’s ice cap volume is about 2.85 million cubic kilometers. If all the ice melted, the mean elevation of the world’s oceans would be increased by about 23.6 meters. But, more realistically, for each 100 meters of ice melt equivalent to the Island size, the oceans would rise about 19.5 inches.
Since Greenland on average is warmer than Antarctica, an increase in local temperatures could produce melting here first. If the temperatures on Greenland continue to rise, the snowfall will increase on the ice cap. This will increase the ice cap volume and provide more ice for glacier calving into the North Atlantic. This is why it’s uncertain if the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica are growing or shrinking. Antarctica is so cold that surface melting will not occur, but Greenland is a different story by 50+ degrees Fahrenheit.
Once the GS is cut off, the regional climates of northern Europe will no longer be the recipient of the tropical heat energy. With time, their climate will emulate that of Canada above the 45° latitude. The Polar ice cap will grow to include the North Sea and will attach itself to the continent. Ocean currents, which are the conveyors of surface energy around the globe will be modified, energy wise, to the point that the Arctic ice cap will, over time, expand. As the ice cap grows heat from the Sun will be deflected and the ice pack will continue to enlarge. Greenland’s seasonal temperatures will start to decrease, the ice pack will begin to grow and the warm-cold cycle will continue as it has historically.
Northern Europe and the North Sea oil platforms will become uninhabitable over time. The increase in ice coverage will reflect the Sun’s energies during the summer, and the Earth will begin a cool cycle. The increase in ice coverage will take water from the oceans thus they will recede.
What regional climate changes will result from a continued warming trend, say an extreme four to six degrees Fahrenheit, for the next two centuries?
Here’s my list:
Antarctica’s annual precipitation would nearly double over time taking moisture from the oceans.
New York would become a river city.
The corn and wheat belts of Iowa and Nebraska would slowly move northward to the plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
All continents would gain land mass from the oceans receding exposing continental shelf as the ocean would fall nearly 450 feet in a couple centuries. The Florida Keys would become a peninsula.
Greenland’s ice pack would begin to grow as the glacier movement slows and calving of ice also slows.
Ice sheet covering the South Pole would expand at an alarming rate.
Southern oceans cluttered with ice floes would cause water temperatures to drop significantly.
Antarctic’s research station would be abandoned because of ice movement caused by an increase in precipitation.
Annual precipitation in the USA’s upper Midwest would double to 20+/- inches. This increase in runoff would, over time, cause the Mississippi River’s annual flow to gradually increase to the point that diversion around New Orleans would become necessary only during major flood events. As the river channel eroded because of the receding Gulf levels, New Orleans would eventually be above sea level.
Oceans would cool three to five degrees C. This would cause the air temperature to cool. Local areas would experience ice ages which would shorten the summer season. The polar bears would return to the ice.
If the precipitation in Antarctica doubles, the moisture must come from the oceans. Since the continent is so large an additional inch over this area for two hundred years constitutes a large volume of water.
The Southwest US is nearly a desert now so a very little rise in temperature would cause the local climate to continue in that direction. Since the weather pattern in the US travels from the Southwest toward the northeast, there would be more dust available to create an increase in precipitation down range. Thus, weather systems in the US may become more volatile.
Population in Egypt would expand beyond the Nile Valley as the desert blooms.
The Atlantic hurricane season would nearly cease as the Sahara desert blooms.
If the Sahara Desert blooms, there would be less dust available to form clouds and/ or rain drops. If a hurricane does not have clouds and/or rain to dissipate its energy, will it self destruct?
Increasing regional temperatures over time would cause the global temperature to cycle to a cool down. There are several “safeguard” mechanisms in place to prevent a warm up, but none to prevent an ice age. During Earth’s history, Antarctica has proven to be its thermostat. Earth has never been overheated since the initial cool down and as long as the thermostat is in place, it will not be.
Before the study of plate tectonics became a science, some people as early as 1596 believed that the arrangement of continents appeared to be puzzle pieces that could have fit together to form a super continent in years past. Currently the “theory of continental drift” suggests that some 225 to 260 million years ago all seven continents were together forming a super continent called “Pangaea” . For more than 225 million years, the Antarctic continent has remained near Earth’s “bottom” while the other continents, North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania (Australia), have drifted to their present positions. Evidence from oceanic ridges surrounding Antarctica indicates that the super continent began to break up about 150 million years ago. Fossils, soil, rock, modeling and other evidence support these conclusions.
Plate tectonic history (from Bing.com)
The Antarctic, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is the fifth largest continent by land mass, and the third largest, if the area of the ice cap is measured, assuming that Greenland is part of the North American continent which is the second largest. The summer temperatures rise to about minus 30°C to Earth’s lowest yearly air temperature of about minus 80°C. The relative humidity is 0.04 % (Mars’ is 0.03%) making the continent the driest place on the globe. Annual precipitation averages just above an inch, mostly from ice fog over the interior regions.
Earth’s rotation creates a gyroscopic effect that has appeared to lock Antarctica in its current position at the “bottom” of the globe. Forces from a gyroscope react along a three dimensional axis, separated by 90 degrees; e.g. spin, output and input. Earth’s spin axis is the global center. The Sun provides the input, and the output axis is 90° from the input. Thus it affects the South and North Poles. The continent lies 90° from the centroid of a gyroscope, Earth, and its gravity “string” from the Sun. The effect of the forces created by the continental drift appears to be inhibited by this gyroscopic effect. Or is it something simple like the Antarctic continent continues to float on the apex of a globe that is spinning!
During the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 200 to 150 million years ago respectively, when most of the ingredients for fossil fuels were laid down, the dinosaurs grew to be very robust because of an abundance of O₂ in the atmosphere. The Earth warmed up a bit, as its thermostat worked perfectly. Had Homo sapiens been around at that time, they too would have been more robust because of the abundance of oxygen.
Therefore, Antarctica has been in place for more than 225 million years and will remain as Earth’s thermostat for many more millions of years, preventing future significant global warm-ups.
The following highlights one theme from my previous list that deserves a further note:
In the early 1600’s when Europeans first arrived upon these shores, the Appalachian Mountain range was covered with mature trees (virgin forest). The Appalachians run from Maine to Georgia. Most of the “virgin” timber has been harvested while some second growth forest has been preserved as National Forest. Hardwood forest in these forests will take from 150 to 500 years to develop old-growth characteristics in one or two generations of trees.
Cathedral State Park in West Virginia consists of only 133 acres of over 170 species of vascular flora that include 30 tree species of which 17 are broad leaf, nine species of ferns, three of club moss and over 50 species of wild flowers. The flora is as it was in the early 1600s, a microcosm of the historical Appalachian forest. The trees include virgin hemlock up to 90 feet high and 21 feet circumference form cloisters in the park. A soft wood tree of this size has a carbon content of 1265 Kg and a CO₂ equivalent of 4638 Kg. A virgin hardwood with an average diameter of 10 feet would have about 5542 kg of carbon and 20,322 kg of CO₂ equivalent locked up. The large oak tree next to my door has about 15,000 kg of oxygen locked up that, if released, would make Homo sapiens more robust.
Did you ever wonder how the dinosaurs evolved to be so large? Or why so much of today’s fossil fuels originated during this same period? The flora and fauna grew so lush because carbon dioxide was available in the atmosphere. During this time the growth rate excelled causing huge critters to evolve because oxygen was in the air!
Increasing local temperatures over time will cause the global temperature to cycle to a cool down. During Earth’s history there have been safeguards against warming, Antarctica being the thermostat. Earth has never been overheated and as long as the thermostat is in place it will not be.
We as a scientific society have learned to construct devices that can perform measurements with extreme relative precision. Yet with today’s technological knowledge and computational tools, we can only define weather in terms of probability or chaos theories. Our scientific advancements have been exceptional during the last 400 years, but we still have only begun to understand. We still have a few millennia before we can begin to create a model that can, with precision, emulate the “butterfly effect”, therefore allowing us to make a precise forecast for a specific point. Once this milestone is reached, then we will have begun to advance. To date Homo sapiens’s effect upon the globe can only be measured locally and NOT regionally or globally. Our arguments should be directed toward the sophistication of the science that defines the climate of our environment.
The world that we have created to live in, its causes and effect consequences as described in chapter 8, is more philosophy driven (special interest) than Nature driven. One group of “special interests” verses another group with a conflicting interpretation has created a near “virtual” reality of how Nature works. Unfortunately the debate is driven by non-scientists leaders who have determined the objectives and “cherry” pick the data to support the desired result. How does this all happen?
The virtual world that we have created makes no one accountable for the group’s actions. Sometimes the solution is worse than the cure. For example take the wild fires that swamped the southwest during 2011. Years ago timbering was halted in the National Forests because an owl’s habitat would be affected. No degree or significant was place upon a scientific analysis to quantified the degree of harm that selective timbering would accomplish. Emphasis was placed upon the group that would profit from the endeavor. This emphasis reflected the totality of the issue. But the lack of harvesting selected trees over time causes a buildup of fuel on the forest floor. Thus the result is a fire that difficult to control, and the ultimate goal of protecting the owls is destroyed. There are many instances of similar disasters created by a “cure”.
We are who we are by accident of birth and we quickly bond with our “tribe”. This is human nature. The success of sports teams, armies and “causes” depends upon the bonding of the individuals. “They jelled”, as a collective whole. These “team” members are considered to be the individuals that perform “inside” the envelope. Each represents what is expected in this world that we have created. Only the individuals that survive on the outer boundaries of the envelope, or even outside the envelope (beyond societal acceptances), make a contribution or advance the science of “being”. These individuals probe the secrets of how Nature works. Thus they are not bound by artificial rules of the “world” that society has created.
This is my objective; to arrive at a probable effect based on the knowledge that we have accumulated to date with no preconceived notions or results!
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To have mist sprayers put up in arias were there is a hight population, so that it gradually spits mist during a dust storm, so that gradually the water particul adds wight to the dust particl causing it be heavy & drop to the ground...instead of the dust flying around right in to people's lungs
Improve the economy with practical changes. Read this and demand your leaders to investigate it! Global Mining and Manufacturer’s Corporate Agendas Understanding the current base and precious metal mining industry is something that many people think they know. Mining is conducted in underground and surface mines, what more is there to know. Understanding there are two types of mining, would it be ‘historically’ plausible ...more »
Improve the economy with practical changes. Read this and demand your leaders to investigate it!
Global Mining and Manufacturer’s Corporate Agendas
Understanding the current base and precious metal mining industry is something that many people think they know. Mining is conducted in underground and surface mines, what more is there to know.
Understanding there are two types of mining, would it be ‘historically’ plausible to think that global mining machinery manufacturers could restrict underground mining in order to increase the number of high sales value surface mining operations worldwide?
It is a serious thought to think, considering that there are only really three dominating underground base and precious metal mining machinery manufacturers globally.
My name is Brendon Butler and I have spent over seven years researching this very topic. It has seen me into jobs and self-funded research that has allowed me access to all relevant areas of research. I have spoken with regional manufacturer managers, mining contractor general managers, mine managers, project managers, many internationally experienced underground mining operators, manufacturer distributers, etc. In all of the interactions undertaken, not one person has said or implied that this topic is indeed incorrect. Many have said it does hold merit.
If many industry members each understand that, there are fundamental inefficiencies in the mining industry. Then how has the underground mining industry still been allowed to be restricted, and who may have supported it? Legitimate questions to be asked and answered.
The complexities of this topic need to be understood in a global scale. If you restrict underground mining (where most high value ore is located) then you essentially lock that supply away. This in turn increases the value of the metals globally (over many decades) thus increasing the number of surface mining operations using large efficient mining equipment.
High commodity prices would benefit the manufacturers that make the underground mining equipment, the surface mining equipment and the exploration mining equipment. However, because this may have been slowly played out over many decades, it will have also increased the margins made by mining companies on the value of metals sold.
It is an extraordinarily powerful concept that could only be proved by calling the practice out or getting the protagonists to prove it is not true.
This task is now upon us all. A publication containing years of research on how to prove, call out, fix, and improve mining is now available in the following link: http://www.scribd.com/doc/109637671/Interference-Anomalies
Understanding the effect on the global economy, considering the influence commodity prices have on global growth. Is it advisable that all who read this article read the new publication and demand your economic leaders to respond, considering the current economic conditions?
Written by, Brendon Butler.
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Have an X style contest that offers patent support, purchase contract grants and cash rewards (say twelve, one million dollar prize/grants). The Winners design the most energy affordable, scalable, device/array system or bio-filter that removes carbon and, secondarily, particulate pollution from urban atmosphere areas. Criteria: -Least grid sourced electricity used -Least Water used. -Least expensive material construction ...more »
Have an X style contest that offers patent support, purchase contract grants and cash rewards (say twelve, one million dollar prize/grants). The Winners design the most energy affordable, scalable, device/array system or bio-filter that removes carbon and, secondarily, particulate pollution from urban atmosphere areas.
Criteria:
-Least grid sourced electricity used
-Least Water used.
-Least expensive material construction cost.
-Least maintenance required per month of constant operation.
-Easiest to install in a variety of locations/ climates.
-Does not contribute any net harm or pollution to water and air.
-Fastest to completion of ten functioning units.
-Largest volume per unit of carbon/particulates captured.
-Pollutants to be cache-able on site or with no net transportation cost of new pollution.
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